Friday, April 15, 2022
Monday, April 11, 2022
Place of Articulation and Manner of Articulation
Place of Articulation
The sounds produced with some form of obstructions are called Consonants. The organs of speech restrict the air passage at various places to produce the sounds. These organs are called Articulators. The articulators consonants in the lower part of the mouth often move toward those at the upper surface of the mouth. The lower articulators are therefore called the active articulators. The active articulators are the Lower Lip, the Tongue Tip, the Blade and the Back of the Tongue. The other one is Passive Articulator. The passive articulators are the Upper Lip, the Upper Teeth, the Alveolar Ridge (teeth ridge), the Hard Palate, and the Soft Palate. Consonants can be classified according to the place of articulation. According to the place of articulation, the consonants are divided into nine types and they are as follows:
They are: 1. Bilabial,
2. Labio-Dental,
3. Dental,
4. Alveolar,
5. Palato -Alveolar,
6. Palatal,
7. Velar,
8. Glottal,
9. Retroflex.
1. Bilabial (Upper lip and lower lip)
Bilabial - (two lips)
The suffix ‘bi’ means ‘two’ and ‘labi’ means ‘lips’. Both lips come together to produce bilabial sounds. The sound articulated by two lips is “Bilabial”. The bilabial sounds in English are /p/, /b/ and /m/. In the words such as ‘pop’, ‘bomb’, ‘mom’, the lips come together for the first sound in each of these words. In words such as ‘people’, ‘pepper’, ‘able’, ‘cable’, ‘table’, ‘summer’, ‘grammar’, ‘submit’ ‘murmur’ the bilabial sound is the mid-position and in the words such as ‘lip’, ‘lab’, ‘sum’, the bilabial sound is at the end.
Both the lips are combined to produce the sounds of consonants /p/,/b/,/m/.
Examples,
The initial sounds for /p/,/b/,/m/ are papaya, banana, mango.
Medial sounds for /p/,/b/,/m/ are topper, library, lemon
Final sounds for /p/,/b/,/m/ are mop, mob, mom.
ii) Labio-dental: (lower lip and upper front teeth)
Lower lip and upper teeth touches is “Labio-dental” articulated by the lower lip against the upper teeth. The labio dental sounds in English are / f / and / v /. The lower lips raise to touch the upper front teeth. Eg: ‘few’, ‘view’, etc. The Labio-dental sounds in English are /f/ and /v/
Lower lip and Upper Front Teeth are used to produce consonants called /f/,/v/.
Examples,
/f/ sound in initial, medial , final are fool, suffer, leaf.
/v/ sound in initial, medial, final words such as van, Service, Love.
Dental : ( tongue tip or blade of the tongue and upper front teeth)
In the words such as ‘thigh’, ‘they’ the tip of the tongue can either be below the upper front teeth or close behind the upper front teeth. The dental sounds in English are /θ/ and /ð/. Look at these examples: as ‘th’ in think thumb, thin teeth, bath, and birth, mirth, death, etc and ‘th’ in the, that, there, those, father, mother, brother etc.
Tip of the tongue or blade of the tongue and upper front teeth are combined together to produce sound/θ/,/ð/.
Examples,
/θ/ sound in Initial- thick,
Medial- pathetic,
Final- teeth
/ð/ sound in Initial -they,
Medial- weather,
Final- bathe
(iv) Alveolar : (tongue tip or blade and the alveolar ridge )
In words such as ‘tie’, ‘die’, ‘lie’, ‘no’, ‘so’, ‘zoo’ the tip or blade of the tongue comes in contact with the alveolar or teeth ridge. The Alveolar sounds in English are t, d, l, n, s, z.
Alveolar (Tip/Blade of the tongue and the teeth ridge)
Tip or blade of the tongue and alveolar ridge or teeth ridge (behind front teeth) are used to produce consonants like /t/,/d/,/l/,/n/,/s/,/z/
Examples,
/t/ in initial, medial, final are tap, step, spot.
/d/ in initial, medial, final are dog, Middle, Beard.
/l/ in initial, medial, final are lemon, slap, fill
/n/ in initial, medial, final are Natural, Banana, Spin.
/s/ in initial, medial, final are Sing, Feast, Guess.
/z/ in initial, medial, final are Zebra, Dazzle, Breeze.
v). Palato-Alveolar (Blade of the tongue and back of the alveolar ride)
Blade of the tongue and back of alveolar ridge are used to produce the consonants / ʃ/, /tʃ/, /ʤ/
Examples,
/ ʃ/ in initial, medial, final are shy, Cashew, Rush.
/tʃ/ in initial, medial, final are chair, Bachelor, Lunch.
/ʤ/ in initial, medial sound of the words such as Judge, Major.
vi). Palatal (Front of the tongue and hard palate)
Front of the tongue and hard palate are used to produce the consonant /j/
example, New, Hue.
vii). Velar (Back of the tongue)
Back of the tongue is used to produce the consonants /k/, /g/
/K/ in initial, medial, final words such as kind, Packet, Fake
/g/ in initial, medial, final are Ganges, Language, Flag.
viii). Glottal: (Partially Open or Open Glottis)
Partial Opening or Complete Opening of the Glottis can produce the consonant /h/
Examples,
/h/ in initial, medial sound of the words such as horse, hall,etc, Through
ix Retroflex (Tip of the tongue and back of the alveolar ridge)
Retroflex sounds are not very common in English but, the speakers of English other than native country pronounce ‘r’ at the ends of words such as ‘hour’, ‘air’, ‘fair’ may have retroflex articulation. In words such as ‘rye’, ‘row’, ‘ray’ the retroflex sound is produced at the beginning.
Tip of the tongue and back of the alveolar ridge used to produce the consonant/r/ .
Example,
/ r/ in initial, medial, final words such as rat, cricket, soccer
Manner of Articulation
According to manner of articulation, consonants can be classified into six types. They are
1.Plosives
2.Affricates
3.Fricatives
4.Nasals
5.Lateral and Roll
6.Semi vowel and Approximant
• Plosives:
Complete closure to prevent the escape of air stream through the mouth with release .Plosive is also known as Stop
There are six plosives in English and they are -/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/
1./p/ is voiceless bilabial plosive.
Example:
/p/ in initial sound of the words such as pill, pin, pitch.
/p/ in medial sound of the words such as paper, wrapper,etc.
/p/ in final sound such as lip, top, etc.
2./b/ is voiced bilabial plosive.
/b/ in initial sound such as ball,baby.
/b/ in medial sound such as plumber, rubber.
/b/ in final sound such as mob,web.
3./t/ is voiceless alveolar plosive.
/t/ in initial sound such as tip.
/t/ in medial sound such as step.
/t/ in final sound such as pot.
4./d/ is voiced alveolar plosive.
/d/ in initial sound such as dog.
/d/ in medial sound such as middle.
/d/ in final sound such as read.
5./k/ is voiceless velar plosive.
/k/ in initial sound of the words such as kind, kin, etc.
/k/ in medial sound such as bucket.
/k/ in final sound such as take, cake, etc.
6./g/ is voiced velar plosive.
/g/ in initial sound of the words such as gate, go, get,etc
/g/ in medial sound such as baggage, luggage, etc.
/g/ in final sound such as frog.
• Affricates:
The blade of the tongue is raised to touch the alveolar ridge and the hard palate.
Two affricates are there- /ʧ/ /ʤ/
1./ʧ/ is voiceless Palato-alveolar affricate.
/ʧ/ in initial sound of the words such as chair, Church, chest,chain, etc.
/ʧ/ in medial sound such as lecture.
/ʧ/ in final sound such as French.
2./ʤ/is voiced Palato-alveolar affricate.
/ʤ/in intial sound of the words such as Judge, jug, jungle,etc
/ʤ/in medial sound of the words such as Major, ageing,etc
/ʤ/in final sound of the words such as Age, bridge,cage, etc.
• Fricatives:
The Articulators come close to each other and the Airstream escapes through the narrow
tracted with a hissing/buzzing sound.
There are 9 fricatives in English and they are
/f/,/v/,/θ/,/ð/,/s/,/z/,/ʃ/,/ʒ/,/h/
1. /f/is voiceless Labio dental fricative.
/f/ in intial sound of the words such as food, fun, fill, etc
/f/ in medial sound such as coffee
/f/ in final sound such as half.
2. /v/is voiced Labio dental fricative.
/v/in intial sound of the words such as van, vest, etc
/v/ in medial sound such as survive
/v/ in final sound such as brave.
3. /θ/ is voiceless dental fricative.
/θ/in intial sound such as thin, medial sound of the words such as Cathedral, catheter, etc.
/θ/ in final sound such as cloth.
4. /ð/ is voiced dental fricative.
/ð/ in intial sound such as they.
/ð/in medial sound such as weather and final sound in bathe.
5. /s/is voiceless Alveolar Fricative.
/s/ in intial sound such as sing.
/s/ in medial sound such as nest.
/s/ in final sound such as dress.
6. /z/ is voiced Alveolar Fricative.
/z/ in intial sound such as zoo.
/z/ in medial sound such as dazzle
/z/ in final sound such as quiz.
7. /ʃ/ is voiceless Palato-alveolar fricative.
/ʃ/in intial sound such as shy
/ʃ/ in medial sound such as milkshake.
/ʃ/ in final sound such as fresh.
8. /ʒ/ is voiced palato alveolar fricative.
/ʒ/in medial sound such as measure, treasure, pleasure, etc.
9. /h/ is voiceless/voiced glottal fricative.
/h/ in intial sound of the words such as horse, he, him, her.
• Nasals:
Nasals are produced by a complete closure of mouth and the lowering of the soft
palate.The air escapes through the nose.There are 3 nasal consonants in English.
/m/,/n/,/ŋ/
1./m/ is voiced bilabial nasal.
/m/ in intial sound such as mask.
/m/ in medial sound such as amount and in final sound of the words such as bomb, calm, palm,etc.
2./n/ is voiced Alveolar nasal.
/n/ in intial sound such as night
/ n/ in medial sound such as Brinjal
/ n/ in final sound such as fun.
3./ ŋ/ is voiced velar nasal.
/ ŋ/ in medial sound such as mango and final sound such as ring, sing, bring,etc.
• Lateral and roll:
The obstraction of the Airstream is along the center of oral tract between the sides of the
tongue and roof of the mouth.
/l/,/r/
1./l/ is voiced Alveolar lateral.
/ l/ in intial sound such as lip.
/l/in medial sound such as volume.
/l/ in final sound such as wall.
2./ r/ is voiced palato alveolar.
/r/in intial sound such as round.
/ r/in medial sound such as mirror.
• Semi-vowel and Approximant:
The consonant /j/ is a semi-vowel.
/w/is an Approximant in English.
1./j/ is voiced palatal semi-vowel
/j/ in intial sound such as year, young
/j/ in medial sound such as loyal
2./w/ is voiced Labio velar Approximant.
/w/ in intial sound such as watch, word, world,etc.
/w/ in medial sound such as cowboy, bowl,etc
/w/ in final sound such as bow, wow, etc.
MANNER OF ARTICULATION :
(i) Plosive :
There is a complete closure at some point in the mouth or at the lips. The flow of airstream is stopped and released suddenly making an explosive sound.
There are six plosives and they are
/ p / / b / / t / / d / / k / / g /
/p/ - voiceless bilabial plosive
/b/ - voiced bilabial plosive
/t/ - voiceless alveolar plosive
/d/ - voiced alveolar plosive
/k/ - voiceless velar plosive
/g/ - voiced velar plosive
The Plosive is also known as ‘Stop’. The stop can be oral as in ‘pot’, ‘bat’ (bilabial), ‘talk’, ‘done’ (alveolar), and ‘key’, ‘go’ (velar)
Look at these examples:
/p/ in the initial sound of ‘pot’
/b/ in the initial sound of ‘bat’
/t/ in the initial sound of ‘talk’
/d/ in the initial sound of ‘done’
/k/ in the initial sound of ‘key’
/g/ in the initial sound of ‘go’
(ii) Affricate:
The blade of the tongue is raised to touch the alveolar ridge and the hard palate. There are two affricate sounds in English are /t∫/ and /ʤ/
/t∫/ - voiceless palate-alveolar affricate
/ʤ/ - Voiced palate-alveolar affricate
Examples
/t∫/ in church, chair, champion, chocolate, chew, charge, challenge
/ʤ/ in judge, jungle, jail, jump, joy, job, join, jeep, Jews, jealous
ʤʌʤ
(iii) Fricative :
The articulators come close to each other and air escapes through the narrow tract with a hissing or buzzing sound. The air passage is narrowed at some point or some place in the mouth so that the air while escaping causes audible friction.
/f/ - voiceless labio-dental fricative
/v/ - voiced labio-dental fricative
/θ/ - voiceless dental fricative
/ / - voiced dental fricative
/s/ - voiceless alveolar fricative
/z/ - voiced alveolar fricative
/∫/ - voiceless palato-alveolar fricative
/ʒ/ - voiced palate-alveolar fricative
/h/ - voiced glottal fricative
Examples:
/f/ in fan, few, famous, favourite, fantastic, fall, false, falls, fun, fiction
/v/ in van, video, variety, various, view, visible, visit, vision, vanity
/θ/ in thought, think, throw, thirst, three, thirty, thigh, thanks, thermometer
/ / in them, they, there, themselves, the, therefore, then
/s/ in see, saw, sing, song, sound, same, salt, say, sun, son, seat, Singapore, sad, sand
/z/ in zoo, zebra, zinc, zigzag, zip, zero, zombie, zone, zoom, zoology,
/∫/ in she, shall, shawl, shore, share, shock, shop, Shakespeare, shake, shadow, shelter
/ʒ/ measure, pleasure, treasure, measurement, genre,
(iv) Nasal :
Nasals are produced by a complete closure at some point in the mouth and the lowering of the soft palate. The air is released through the nose. There are three nasal consonants in English. They are
/m/ /n/ /ŋ/
/m/ is a voiced bilabial nasal
/n/ / is a voiced alveolar nasal
/ŋ/ / is a voiced velar nasal
Examples
As /m/ in me, my, mother, monkey, many, mango, month, Madam, mark (bilabial closure)
/n/ in no, network, next, number, neither, never, near, neighbour, new (alveolar closure)
/ŋ/ in sing, gang, sang, king, long, song, hang, wrong, ring, bring (velar closure)
(v) Lateral :
The obstruction of airstream is along the centre of the oral tract between the sides of the tongue and the roof of the mouth. There is a partial closure of the mouth with the air escaping through the sides of the tongue.
/l/ is a lateral
/l/ is voiced alveolar lateral
Examples:
As /l/ in long, lip, laugh, last, length, health, wealth, play, help, little, shall, shawl, April
(vi) Semi-Vowel & Approximant:
It is a voiced gliding sound produced like a vowel that is no obstruction or friction in the mouth it has however, the functional status of a consonant and occurs in consonant position in syllables.
/j/ is a Semi-vowel and
/w/ is an Approximant.
/j/ voiced palatal semi-vowel
/w/ voiced labio-velar approximant
Examples
As /j/ in the initial sound of words such as young, year, youth, and your.
/w/ in the initial sound of words such as we, word, wonderful, world, wow and with
(vii) Frictionless Continuant:
Frictionless – Continuant is produced by bringing the speech organs in contact as it is the production of fricative consonant but it is very weakly breathed so that there is no audible friction.
/r/
Examples
As /r/ in Rest, write, rough, rat, round, rock, run, river.
Friday, April 8, 2022
The Organs of Speech
THE ORGANS OF SPEECH:
The airstream mechanism is needed to produce speech sounds. And the most sounds in the languages of the world are produced with a pulmonic egressive airstream. When we breath out air from the lungs, various organs in the vocal tract control or modify the airstream to convert it into speech sounds these organs are called the vocal organs or the organs of speech. The vocal organs are used for the important tasks of breathing, eating and for production of speech sounds.
The organs of speech can be divided into three groups. They are
The respiratory system consisting of the lungs, the muscles of the chest and the windpipe or trachea.
The phonatory system comprising the larynx in the throat.
The articulatory system consisting of the roof of the mouth, lips, teeth, tongue and nose.
The phonatory system:
The airstream passes through the windpipe and larynx. The larynx consists of a pair of muscular bands or folds called the Vocal cords. The vocal cords are placed horizontally from front to back. The space between the vocal cords is called Glottis. The vocal cords can be opened and closed because they are attached in front and can be separated at the back.
The sounds produced with a wide-open glottis are called Voiceless sounds. The first sounds in English word such as ‘pin’, ’thin’, ‘cat, ’chew’, ‘few’, ‘saw’, ‘hat’ etc., produces voiceless sounds.
The sounds produced when the vocal cords vibrate are called voiced sounds.
Eg: ‘bad’, ‘dead’, ‘jungle’, ‘vine’, ‘measure’, ‘nod’ etc.,
The rate of vibration called the frequency of vibration of the vocal cords determines whether the pitch of the voice is high or low
The articulatory system:
The parts of the oral tract can be used to form sounds are called the Articulators. The articulators in the lower part of the mouth often move toward the those at the upper surface of the mouth. The lower articulators are therefore called the Active articulators.
Behind the upper teeth there is a hard raised structure that can be felt with the tip of the tongue. This is called the Teeth ridge or alveolar ridge. The bony surface in the front part of the mouth behind the alveolar ridge s known as the Hard palate. Its hardness can be felt with the tip of the tongue or fingertip. The tongue, however, cannot be curled for enough to touch the Soft palate or velum, at the back of the mouth. The velum is a soft, muscular flap that flap that can be raised against the wall of the pharynx to close the nasal tract completely for producing nasal sounds. The lower end of the soft palate that hangs down midway between the oral tract and the nasal tract is known as the Uvula. The movement of the uvula serves to distinguish between oral and nasal sounds. The part of the vocal tracts between oral and nasal sounds. The part of the vocal tract between the uvula and the larynx is pharynx. The back wall of which functions as one of the articulators on the upper surface of the vocal tract.
https://youtu.be/Tj_sORtLBRg
Friday, April 1, 2022
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